One of the most common debates I hear about from people such as myself – twenty- and thirtysomethings with young children at home – is whether it makes more sense to save adequately for retirement or save adequately for their child’s college education. Quite often, young career folks (like myself) don’t have the means to do both, so it becomes a choice. Retirement or college? Today, I’ll look at both sides of this coin that’s central in my own life.

When I envision my life thirty years from now, one key part of that vision is that my children are financially independent and not relying on me for any of their financial needs. I don’t want to be in a situation where they’re still living at home or they’re relying on regular cash infusions from me when they’re thirty.

One major avenue to this level of success is earning a college degree, which can directly lead to a much higher level of earning than life without a degree. I can help pay for this degree, but it may come at the expense of saving adequately for retirement.

What are the advantages of college savings when you’re young? An adequately funded college savings plan, started when a child is young, can grow into a major resource for paying for significant portions of a child’s college education.

For example, let’s say you start funding a 529 plan with $250 a month when your child is born. The account returns 8% per year. On their eighteenth birthday, you’ll have $116,844 sitting there waiting for their college education. If you don’t worry about it until they’re in junior high, starting at age twelve, they’ll have only $22,888 in savings.

What about your retirement? Many people who make this choice are also making the choice to work later in their lives than the typical “retirement” age. They have no qualms with starting their retirement savings in earnest after the kids are out of the house (say, age forty five or fifty) and planning on a retirement that starts much later (say, seventy or seventy-five).

For some people – especially people who find a great deal of personal value in their work – this makes a great deal of sense. Take myself, for example – I pretty much never want to be idle until I literally am unable to do anything at all. I’m just not wired that way.

What if I change my mind? If you’re using a 529 savings plan to save for college, you can withdraw the money from the account as you wish. You will have to pay taxes on the gains plus a 10% additional penalty for misusing the account.

However, if you wish to use that money for educational purposes for someone else – say, yourself or a child’s sibling – you can change the beneficiary without a penalty as long as the new beneficiary is a close family member.

I don’t want to burden my children in my dotage. If you find yourself needing their assistance in your old age, you will have given them a tremendously strong platform from which to help you if they so choose. The financial advantage you gave to them by ensuring that they were not burdened by student loans puts them in a much stronger financial position in adulthood, one in which they can afford to help you if you need it.

What if I reach my retirement age and don’t have adequate savings because of this choice? You’re finally pushed out the door, but you don’t have enough money to make ends meet. What happens then?

To put it bluntly, you’ll have to find a source of additional income. It’s important to recognize, however, that reaching this point without adequate money isn’t necessarily a disaster. Most people in this situation – having chosen to help their children instead of saving for themselves – do have a myriad of options available to them when they reach old age.

This might come from finding another job. It might come from financial support from your children. It might come from goverment support. It might come from something as simple as being the daycare provider for your grandchildren. If you choose this route, there will be options available to you at this point. It does not have to be devoid of options if you’re willing to step up and take action.

Wait a second! You’re probably wondering what my actual conclusion on this topic is. Is it better for the parents of young children to save for retirement first – or save for education first? As you’ve seen, there is a case to be made for both sides of the coin, but I actually do have an answer… which you’ll read about tomorrow afternoon.

One of the most common debates I hear about from people such as myself – twenty- and thirtysomethings with young children at home – is whether it makes more sense to save adequately for retirement or save adequately for their child’s college education. Quite often, young career folks (like myself) don’t have the means to do both, so it becomes a choice. Retirement or college? Today, I’ll look at both sides of this coin that’s central in my own life.

When I envision my life thirty years from now, one key part of that vision is that I’m not financially dependent on my children. I’m able to live the life I want to lead without them worrying about me (at least financially) in the least, particularly in my final years.

The best way to ensure that kind of a future is to focus primarily on shoring up retirement savings, even if it comes at the expense of saving adequately for the college experience of one’s children.

What are the advantages of retirement savings when you’re young? The big advantage of retirement savings when you’re young is that it has a huge number of years to grow and grow and grow. The power of compound interest has plenty of time to work in your favor.

The real numbers tell the story better than anything else. If you invest $10,000 when you’re 45 at an 8% rate of return, you’ll have $46,609 when you’re 65. Invest $10,000 when you’re 35 and you’ll have $100,626 when you’re 65. Invest $10,000 when you’re 25 and you’ll have $217,245 when you’re 65. The earlier you sock away money for retirement, the better the deal is.

What about their education? Self-motivated students can always make college work if they choose to do so. There is a myriad of financial aid options available, plus most schools also accept transfer credits from very low-cost institutions, enabling students to fulfill many of their general education requirements at a very low cost from community colleges.

Beyond that, having a student take a large deal of responsiblity for their education forces them to learn some personal responsibility that they might not otherwise learn. It can also show them, first hand, the cost of their education – and the value of it. Those are lessons that aren’t taught by simply writing a check for them.

What if I change my mind? If you start saving for retirement, then change your mind about your choice, you’re not completely without options. Most common retirement savings plans allow you to use some – if not all – of your retirement savings to help with college education.

Most 401(k) plans allow you to borrow against them to pay for educational expenses. However, if you do this, you lose out on the returns during the years that you’ve got the money out on loan. If you’ve used a Roth IRA, you can withdraw the amount you’ve contributed at any time without penalty, but you can’t put that money back.

I’ll feel guilty about saddling my children with lots of student loans. There’s no reason you can’t help them pay off those loans when you’re very secure in retirement. At Christmas, write a check to their student loan holder, knocking off a chunk of their loans for them. This way, you’ll be making the payments from a position of total security rather than from a position where the future is uncertain.

What if this makes my children fail to get an education? From my perspective, that’s more of a commentary on the initiative of your children than anything else. If this roadblock somehow “prevents” them from going to college, they’re showing a lack of self-motivation that will hinder them in more ways than just not getting a degree. Without that kind of drive, they’ll be hard-pressed to succeed in any high-pressure field.

They might also simply not be interested in what college has to provide for them and are intelligent enough to make that decision on their own. In that situation, a trade school or something similar might actually be the best situation for their temperment, for one example. Students who attend trade schools can often earn a very good salary doing a wide variety of skilled labor.

This makes a strong case for saving for retirement instead of saving for your kid’s education. But what about the flip side of the coin? Tune in later today to see that discussion.

Chris writes in:

We are friends with another couple that is around our same age, income level, status, and number and age of children. When I was mentioning to them that we were planning to pay off our car this year (leaving us with our mortgage and a small student loan) and the starting to put $50 to $100 per into 529s for each of our kids (currently aged 1 and 3), she mentioned that they were not starting 529s, but rather had a different philosophy….. They were going to contribute up to the company match in the 401K, max out a roth IRA (every year) and then pay off their house in 15 years, which would be just when their oldest is about to start college. Then they would use any excess from their income (that was now free because they no longer had a mortgage) in order to help with their child’s education. She also mentioned that she did not believe that her children would qualify for much (if any) financial aid. This would be the case for us as well. We are currently putting approximately 10% into our 401K and we plan to put approximately $3,000 per ear into a Roth IRA starting this year. Can you comment on what might be the pros and cons of either financial philosophy? I suppose that I should also mention that I do not forsee us having any issues with having enough $ for retirement and my philosophy is that I would like to contribute to 25-33% of my children’s college costs.

First things first: with all things being equal, you’re better off putting your money into retirement savings than into college savings. There are several reasons for this.

First, your children can make college happen even if you don’t have a dime saved for them. Between student loans, scholarships, and other aid, most students who are accepted to a school will be able to find some way to go there. They may end up with a lot of student loans in the process, but it won’t prevent them from getting an education.

On the other hand, you can’t make up for missed retirement savings. Nothing can undo missing the early years of your retirement plan, because those are the years when compound interest is at its most powerful. The money you put away right now will be much more valuable than any money you put away in your 50s or 60s.

Another factor to consider is that many retirement plans allow you to “borrow” against them for educational expenses. You can withdraw some amount, agree to a repayment schedule, and use that withdrawn money to help pay for your children’s college education.

A final note: if you haven’t saved adequately for college, you may end up being a financial burden for your children late in life. You might not ever ask them for money, but they’ll see that you don’t have much money and will stretch their wallets to help you when they can. I have seen this many, many times.

In short, if you’re unsure, I recommend saving for your retirement over saving for your child’s education.

The next question, then, is why should one ever save for their children’s educational expenses?

We’re saving for that purpose. That’s because we have plenty of money to save at this point – our retirement savings are fully covered, plus we have extra money beyond that to push towards long term goals. One of those long term goals (for us) is to pay for some significant portion of our children’s college education. After doing the math, we decided that saving $100 per month for each child from the day they were born to the day they leave for college is the best bet.

In other words, if you can save for college without short-changing your retirement, go for it.

What about that third factor, though? Where does paying off your house rank?

When it comes to using your home as an asset for college savings, you’re betting on two things. First, you’re betting that the payments you make on your home mortgage are more financially efficient than money socked away in your 529. If your mortgage interest rate is 6%, then your money channeled into that is effectively earning a 6% return. If you put that amount in a 529 instead, you could earn more or less than 6%, depending on your investment choices and the risk you’re willing to take on.

The second (and more challenging) bet comes later, when you want to tap your home equity. You’re betting on the interest rates at that future date, because your loan will charge you some interest rate. Will you need the money at a time like today, where the Federal Reserve is keeping rates low? Or will you need it at a more challenging time, when interest rates are higher?

If saving for college is important to you and your family, I would probably do things in this order: retirement savings, then college savings, then mortgage.

One final note: I would never rely on future earnings to pay for college education. Our lives are far, far too uncertain to bank on your professional income in fifteen years as a source for college savings – or savings of any type. People radically change careers. People are downsized. People are disabled. People stumble into great opportunities. These things happen all the time. To bet on stability there would be the biggest gamble of all.

Good luck.

This is part of an ongoing series about how to trim the budget of the average American. As this series focuses on such broad-based tips, some will work for you and some will not. You’re invited to mention in the comments the tips that you found to be the most useful for inclusion in a comprehensive budget trimming guide at the conclusion of this series.

Education – $945

Education is another expense that varies widely from family to family. Many families have no education-related expenses at all. Other families have multiple children in college or on the way and are in a much different situation.

Obviously, education spending is an area where I think it’s a strong investment to spend if you need it. Education can have an enormous positive effect on your lifetime earnings beyond the personal growth that education can trigger.

The question here is how you can maximize your education dollars. Here are several suggestions for doing just that.

Keep in mind that college success isn’t a matter of getting into the best school. The Wall Street Journal found that, although attending college is important, what’s more important is drive and ambition: “When comparing students who graduated from elite colleges, as measured by students’ average SAT scores, with those who graduated from less-selective schools, the researchers found no significant income differences between the two sets of students. In fact, being rejected by an elite school where students had higher SAT scores was a better predictor of higher earnings than the competitiveness of the college the student actually attended. The findings suggest a student’s innate ambition, as reflected by his or her willingness to stretch in applying to exclusive schools, is a factor in career success.” In other words, if you want your child to succeed, don’t throw money at test preps or admissions for the right college or pressure to choose the right major.

Help your child find their passions. Hand in hand with the above idea is the idea that students who are driven are the ones who succeed. How can you help your student tap into some sort of internal drive? Help them figure out where their passions lie and then give them the support and room they need to chase those passions. This is a big part of parenting – in my opinion – as your child begins to grow up, through adolescence and puberty. If you can help your child find that passion, that passion can carry them to great heights – and help greatly with the value of the education they’ll get.

Stay on course. The most expensive thing you can do in college is switch majors – it almost always tacks on more semesters to your experience there, and thus a lot more expense, too. Again, this is an example of why it’s incredibly valuable to help your child figure out their passion as early as possible – not only does it fuel their drive, but it also helps them find a major they’ll stick with.

Apply for as many scholarships as you possibly can. Yes, this can be a giant time sink. However, it’s almost always a profitable one, because there are a lot of scholarships out there that don’t even receive enough applicants to pay out all of their money. Ask around your social network. Ask at your place of employment. Ask at your church and any other social organizations you belong to or your child belongs to. In particular, look for scholarships that take advantage of special traits of your child: their ethnicity, their accomplishments, their socioeconomic status, and so forth.

Focus on top public schools, particularly ones in your state. If you’re looking for a school to aim for that maximizes “bang for the buck,” the top public school in your state is almost always a great target. Many top public schools are very competitive with private institutions, but beyond that, they offer much more affordable rates than private schools, particularly if you’re a resident of that state.

Start saving as early as possible with an open-ended 529. A 529 savings account plan enables you to put cash away for your child’s (or your own) future college education. The earnings in such accounts are tax-free if the money in the account is used for educational purposes (and if it never gets used, you merely have to pay taxes on the earnings plus a 10% penalty). If you’re sure that educational spending in some form or another is coming for your child (or for you), you’re better off opening such an account now and starting an automatic investment plan.

Shop around for textbooks. Many students make the mistake of rushing headlong into book buying – and when they do that, they overspend. Find out what books you actually need for your class, then take the time to shop around for them, particularly looking for used ones. Check online book resellers and auction sites. Take a look at the bulletin boards at your school. Spending a bit of time doing this can save you 75% easily on your books over the sticker price.

Take challenging courses in high school, both for the AP credit and the experience. Many high schools offer AP courses and courses that are dual-listed with a local college. Attempt to take as many of these as your student can handle, particularly in areas where their skills are the highest. These classes not only help you earn AP credit or college credit (saving on tuition later on), but also help you gain the skills you need to succeed at the college level.

Take general education classes at a community college over the summer. Many lower-level general education classes can easily be taken at a community college and transferred. Take advantage of this – community college classes are usually incredibly inexpensive and if a few of them over a few years can shave a semester off of your college tuition, jump on it.

Take advantage of education-related tax benefits. If you’re attempting to get an education – or one of your dependents is – the IRS gives you tons of tax benefits: the Lifetime Learning Credit, student loan interest deduction, the American Opportunity Credit (?), and so on. These credits and deductions can literally save you thousands of dollars each year when you file taxes. Here’s a great overview of some of the tax advantages for education.

I want your help! In the comments, please let me know which of the tips you find most useful for trimming these costs. I’ll include the top choices in a comprehensive budget trimming guide at the conclusion of the series.

Yesterday, I read a fascinating research paper by Stacy Berg Dale and Alan Krueger (you can read the abstract here) which offers up a surprising result. In a nutshell, once you take a student’s pre-existing talents into account (as shown by standardized test scores), the school they attend has almost no impact on their lifetime earnings. In other words, a student’s natural talents lead to career success, not going to the right school.

That’s not to say that students who attend a more selective school don’t earn a higher salary – they do. However, it is the selectiveness that causes the higher income, not the exceptional quality of that school’s education.

What does that mean for saving for our children’s education?

First of all, it shows that setting your children up for success comes much earlier than we might think. Challenging them and encouraging them to solve problems on their own during their earlier years and providing opportunities for them to grow and learn when they’re young sets them up to be ahead of their class during their secondary school years – a lead they’re likely to maintain no matter what they do.

Second, it reinforces the notion that it’s more important for a parent to save for their own retirement than for a college education. Remember, a college education can always be covered with scholarships and loans, but there aren’t loans that will pay for your retirement.

Third, it doesn’t deny that getting into a good school is a wortwhile goal. If a student’s goal is to get into an Ivy League school, the work you’ll have to do to get there – pushing yourself hard in school, involving yourself in intense extracurricular activities – will themselves create the foundation for success in a student’s life.

Here’s the key message behind that paper: if you’re making a choice to spend less quality time with your kids so that they can afford to get into a good school, you might be making the wrong choice. The school doesn’t make the kid – the kid makes use of the school. While quality time and effort are never a guarantee of such success, they’re certainly a strong step in the right direction.

It’s not the school, it’s the student.

A young reader writes in:

I’m a high school senior and I’m going to college next fall. When I go to college, I want to be completely independent, paying my own bills. My parents insist that this is financial suicide and that they should support me through college. What do you think is the right way to go?

Shortly after my eighteenth birthday, I left my parents’ house and went to college. When I left, there was a pretty implicit understanding that I would not be moving back in with them in the future. Sure, while I was a student, I could spend between-semester breaks living there and I could live there in short spurts after college if necessary to facilitate moving on to somewhere else, but my parents’ home was no longer my own. It was up to me to find my own way in the world.

This flies squarely in the face of many parenting trends today in which children often live with their parents throughout college and afterwards, sometimes for many years. The reasons are many, usually revolving around the child’s inability to earn a sufficient income to be financially independent.

Even when children reach a point of “independence,” meaning they don’t live at home, many parents still provide some sort of regular financial support, just to help the children make ends meet.

My belief is that I learned much more valuable lessons by having to make it in the real world than I ever would have back under my parents’ roof. Yes, even if that means a very low standard of living during one’s twenties if necessary.

I’m not saying that parents shouldn’t help if a child completely loses everything. However, there’s a big difference between a helping hand and long term support of a lifestyle.

Short term help in a problematic situation is great – it’s the type of thing that strong relationships are made of. The ability to rely on someone else for a short while when life has knocked your feet out from under you is a tremendous boon and I absolutely do not begrudge parents for helping out in those situations.

The problem comes when that help progresses into expectation and reliance. Any situation in which an individual is unable to be independent and is reliant on someone else is dangerous to both parties. It hurts the parent by taking money away from their future plans, ensuring that they’ll be in the workplace longer and will have fewer assets to rely on late in life. It hurts the child by denying them the skills they need to survive in a world that will eventually not include the parents. Plus, it extends the inevitable ending of support to a later date when it’s quite likely to be much more uncomfortable for both parties.

Yes, financial support of one’s children in adulthood makes life “easier” for them in the short term, but it makes life harder for them in the long term. Such support stunts the budgeting and money management skills that they’ll need to survive when they actually do become independent. It also encourages the establishment of a pattern of spending that exceeds their real income.

The real danger, though, is how it impacts you. The money given to your children when they should be independent is money that’s not going to support your retirement. You’ll have to work longer – and if you’re unable to, you’re much more likely to become a late-life burden to your children than you would be if you invested in your retirement now.

I’ve witnessed this phenomenon with my own eyes. My grandmother gave tons of support to her children, even in their adulthood, and during her final years, she barely had enough money to keep the power on and wound up having to fully support one of her children. If she had completely cut the cord when the children entered adulthood, she would have been able to enjoy a financially comfortable retirement – instead, her final years were fraught with financial and personal worry.

My conclusion, if you haven’t figured it out, is that delaying your children’s independence for longer than necessary is detrimental to both parties and should be avoided. If you’re still relying on your parents – or if you’re a parent still providing support to a child that should otherwise be standing on their own two feet – now’s the time to break that cycle. It’s the only way both of you can thrive and grow freely.

To the young lady who wrote in initially, tell your parents to take that support money and put it towards their retirement by bumping up their 401(k) contributions by 2 or 3% a year. Suggest to them that this retirement savings is actually a benefit to you because it reduces the chances that they’ll be a financial burden to you later in life while also giving you the opportunity now to figure out how the world works.

A few days ago, I stumbled across a handful of pictures from my college dorm room (I considered posting them, but there are several people depicted and I don’t post pictures of people without asking them permission and I’m not sure how to contact them). As I looked them over (and enjoyed some memories), I couldn’t help but look at the background of the pictures, just to see how I lived then.

What I saw was a lot of clutter. A fridge I rarely used. A robe I think I used once. A big rack of rarely-watched videos. Way more clothes than I ever needed. Lots of little tchotchkes that just took up space.

When I was first planning for college, I had little idea what I was doing. I read lots of “here’s how to get ready for college” articles and vacuumed up the suggestions like a Hoover on overdrive. I spent the entire summer collecting and buying things I’d need for college.

When we finally arrived on campus, I had a pickup truck full of stuff. It filled up my half of a tiny dorm room. A dorm fridge. A microwave. A big television. A computer tower (actually, I didn’t get that one until I was on campus a while) and a monitor. A desk lamp. A giant teapot. A ridiculously huge shower bucket stuffed with stuff. Clothes that overflowed my dresser.

Virtually all of it was a waste of my time and my money. I didn’t use any of that stuff. I had little idea what I would actually use in advance, so I just more or less bought everything that I thought I might need – and it turned out I didn’t need most of it.

If I started college all over again, I could fit everything I’d use in a single backpack. Here’s what I’d take.

A laptop with a webcam and microphone This would take care of all of my research needs, report-writing needs, and, yes, telephone call needs. I suppose I might also take a prepaid phone with me for uses where I didn’t have a wi-fi signal.

A small reading lamp For studying and taking notes in dim lighting. I’d get a very tiny clip one that could go anywhere, powered by LEDs.

Enough clothes for about five days or so, rolled up tight Nothing fancy, just sturdy pants, shirts, and underclothes. I can do laundry once every five days or so.

Some basic toiletries Gotta keep clean.

Notebooks and writing supplies Obviously, for note-taking purposes. I find that taking notes longhand is the way for me to absorb complex ideas, but some people might find that just typing on their laptop might work – it depends on how you learn, which you should already know before college.

I’d also need textbooks, of course, but I could get them when I arrive via Amazon and re-sell them at semester’s end.

Sure, I might find that I needed some more items along the way, but wouldn’t it be better to find out the items that you actually need rather than buying a bunch of stuff you think you might need in advance?

Doing that saves money. It saves a lot of time. It saves space. It saves a lot of mental energy. It gives you a very clean and open space to rest your head and figure out what comes next in your life.

The next time you read a long list of things that people say you “need” for college, ask yourself a simple question: do you need it, or is it just something that seems like it might be useful? If it merely seems like it might be useful – even if you can envision a lot of scenarios where you’ll be using it – hold off. Pick it up later on.

My gameplan when I send my own children off to college is similar. I intend to send them with the minimum amount of stuff they need – basically, the stuff listed above, with variation based on the technology at that time. If they find they actually need more items, they can either use their own savings to get them or make the case to me with regards to it.

They’ll save time. They’ll save money. They’ll save energy. And in a college dorm, what exactly will they lose?

This is the ninth of twelve parts of a “book club” reading and discussion of Dave Ramsey’s The Total Money Makeover, where this book on debt reduction is teased apart and looked at in detail. This entry covers the tenth chapter, finishing on page 182. The next entry, covering the eleventh chapter, will appear on Saturday.

When I was growing up, my parents didn’t save any money for me for college. Not because they were neglectful, but mostly because there weren’t resources for such saving.

Where are we at now? I’m doing just fine, with just one college loan remaining, and my parents are safely in retirement, leaving me without worrying about how they’re going to make ends meet.

This experience, when I reflect on it, makes me question the value of college savings. I do understand the benefits of helping my children through school, especially if they realize the value of it. However, looking at things from a post-college perspective, I’m actually much happier that my parents are safely retired than I would be if they had floated my college bill and were still working.

For me, at least, it makes sense to focus on retirement savings and make absolutely sure that it’s covered before even considering college savings. I think we’re there.

What to Expect from College
Many parents seem to expect that once the kids are out the door to college, they’re well on their way to a lucrative career. Ha. On page 169:

If you are sending your kids to college because you want them to be guaranteed a job, success, or wealth, you will be dramatically let down. In some cases, the letdown won’t take long because as soon as they graduate they will move back in with you. Here me on this: college is great, but don’t expect too much from that degree. [...] Because we have turned a college degree into some kind of “genie in a bottle” formula to help us magically win at life, we go to amazingly stupid extremes to get one.

This kind of talk is anathema to some. How dare someone impugn the value of a college education!

Here’s the thing: the actual college education only teaches you a bit of what you’ll actually need to know in the workplace. The value of college comes in other areas: the relationships you build and the skills and ability to actually get through the minefield. The college degree merely says that you were able to navigate the minefield, not that you picked up invaluable knowledge that will help a business make money.

I found that the “cramming” skills I learned in college didn’t pay off until I had secured a job. The relationships I built paid off helped me get my foot in the door for my first big job interview, but I had other opportunities on the table that weren’t connected at all to those relationships. My actual college degree? It was a nice resume filler, but it was not what got me the job and it was not what helped me succeed when I got there.

Devaluing the Pedigree
Page 171 discusses the idea that where your degree comes from doesn’t matter that much:

In some areas of study and in a very few careers, where you graduate will matter, but in most it won’t. Pedigree means less and less in our work culture today.

The panic that people feel about how they “must” get into this certain college is completely overblown, from my perspective. You succeed or fail based on what you do and the relationships you build, not the environment around you. You can flame out just as well at MIT and at your local tiny state school. You can also succeed dramatically at both if you work at it.

I would far rather have a child that went to a small school without a great pedigree, took advantage of all of the opportunities there, built some great relationships with people, and got good grades in an area they’re passionate about than to go to Harvard and flunk out after two semesters.

Pedigree matters less. What matters more is the individual: did they take advantage of their opportunities, or let them idle around them?

College Lifestyle Adjustments
When I was in college, there were two groups of kids. There were the kids with “helicopter parents” who gave them plenty of cash to spend, seemed to stop by the dorms all the time, and would actually call professors on their behalf. There were also the “free” kids, the ones whose parents dropped them off, came and visited on occasion, but mostly let the kids do their own thing.

I was in the latter group. My parents came and visited regularly, especially when I was a freshman, but success was largely up to me. They never contacted a professor, and outside of a $10 or a $20 bill left behind on occasion, they didn’t provide me with funding beyond buying some of my textbooks as my “birthday” or “Christmas” present. I had a job starting my first semester and I kept multiple jobs throughout my college years.

Dave riffs on this on page 171:

[T]hose precious kids can probably get a good degree if they will suffer through lifestyle adjustments and get a job while in school. Work is good for them. In past generations, students lived with relatives, slept in dorms, ate cafeteria food, and endured other hardships to get a degree.

I do not want the path my children have to college to be incredibly easy. For me, the aspects of college where I actually learned things were the areas where I was pushed and challenged. Having everything paid for makes big swaths of college incredibly easy – and many college students, especially those lacking self-motivation, will fill those gaps with gratuitous wastes of time and money.

Obviously, the path shouldn’t be impossible, but no path that is a cake walk is one worth taking.

Tuition Inflation
College tuition goes up by leaps and bounds. On page 174:

College tuition goes up faster than regular inflation. Inflation of goods and services averages about 4 percent per year, while tuition inflation averages about 7 percent per year. When you save for college, you have to make at least 7 percent per year to keep up with the increases.

In other words, if you want your investment today to actually grow faster than the rate of tuition growth, you need to be making more than 7% on your return.

How can you do that? Well, there’s no guaranteed way to get that kind of return. However, if you start early in your child’s life, you have a period of almost twenty years to watch your dollars grow in a long-term investment, which means you can take on more risk than you could if your kid is fourteen.

I have my children’s college savings almost entirely in stocks (the oldest child is three years old). As they get older, I’ll slowly begin to shift their savings towards bonds and safer things, but for now, the potential growth of the stock market and the time frame I have for saving makes stocks a great choice.

Will Baby Life Insurance Work?
I know of several grandparents who have written to The Simple Dollar asking whether buying whole life insurance for their newly-born grandchildren is a good option. I told them no – I suggested starting their grandchild a 529 if they’re saving for college and if they really wanted life insurance they should buy a small term policy for the grandchild. Dave seems to concur on page 174:

Baby life insurance, like Gerber or other Whole Life for babies to save for college, is a joke, averaging less than a 2 percent return.

Whole life insurance is never a good deal. If you’re tempted to invest in it, consider something different. Instead of dumping, say, $100 a month into a whole life policy, buy a similar insurance policy for $10 or so a month, then invest the other $90 or so into a dedicated investment – a 529, a Roth IRA, or even just a taxable account. Put it into index funds through Vanguard (that’s what I do with my dollars) and just sit back.

You will be ahead. Why? The $90 you’re investing in index funds won’t have commissions taken out – the cost of a typical index fund is about 0.2% a year, while whole life funds have commissions so large that they often eat the entirety of your first few years’ worth of contributions.

If you’re thinking about it, get the information and projections from your insurance salesman, step back, and run the numbers yourself. Compare your investment in that policy with an investment in an index fund like VFINX and see where things wind up.

What Kind of Account Should I Use?
On page 175, Dave points towards a Coverdell account:

I suggest funding college, or at least the first step of college, with an Educational Savings Account (ESA), funded in a growth-stock mutual fund.

An ESA is often referred to as a Coverdell, named after the late Senator Paul Coverdell.

I usually recommend a 529. What’s the difference? The Coverdell has the advantage of enabling you to choose your investments on your own instead of choosing among the plans offered by various states. Iowa’s plan, though, is handled by Vanguard, which is who I would choose, anyway.

The big drawback to a Coverdell, from my perspective, is that it has to be used by age thirty or else given to a younger relative. I don’t like this at all, which leans me towards the 529. Many students who go on to graduate school often wind up in school past age thirty; others may make the choice to go back for a different degree after some years in the “real” world. If I invest in my child’s 529 and they have money left after getting that four year degree, I’d like it if that money sat around in case they chose to go back to graduate school or for another degree later on in life. That option is cut off with a Coverdell.

What I hope for is that my children will earn enough scholarships to cover their undergraduate degrees (I earned enough for a majority of my expenses). If that happens, they can keep that 529 for any graduate work they might do.

Do you have any other thoughts on this chapter of The Total Money Makeover? Please share them in the comments – and feel free to respond to any of my impressions as well. After all, a good book club is all about discussion!

On Saturday, we’ll tackle the eleventh chapter – Pay Off the Home Mortgage.